Automated Smart Feeder System for Catfish Cultivation: IoT Integration for Improved Feeding and Health Management

Abstract

The rearing of catfish in 80-liter containers has become more favored by small-scale aquaculture practitioners owing to its ease, modest spatial demands, and inexpensive initial capital outlay. Nonetheless, considerable obstacles remain, especially high incidences of cannibalism and low growth performance, frequently due to irregular feeding methods and insufficient probiotic supplements. This work introduces the design and implementation of an automated Internet of Things (IoT)-based system for accurate feeding and probiotic delivery. The system is governed by a microprocessor, with an ESP8266 module enabling wireless connection. Mechanical functions, including feed distribution and probiotic administration, are controlled by a servo motor and water pump, respectively, while an ultrasonic sensor oversees feeding schedules. Furthermore, an ESP32-CAM module facilitates real-time video surveillance, while a specialized mobile application allows for remote monitoring and management. All operational data is delivered to a centralized database, accessible through the Android application. Experimental findings indicate that the automatic feeder significantly enhances culture outcomes. Following one week, containers outfitted with the system demonstrated a survival rate of 86% (43 out of 50 fish), with average fish lengths rising from around 7–8 cm to 10–11 cm. Conversely, control groups devoid of the device exhibited a survival rate of merely 58% (29 fish), with average growth increments restricted to approximately 1 cm. The introduction of the intelligent feeder system markedly diminishes cannibalism and improves growth rates in small-scale catfish aquaculture.